Nanomaterials as drug delivery agents for overcoming the blood-brain barrier: A comprehensive review.

Authors: Kulkarni M, Patel K, Patel A, Patel S, Desai J, Patel M, Shah U, Patel A, Solanki N

The blood-brain barrier (BBB), a critical interface of specialized endothelial cells, plays a pivotal role in regulating molecular and ion transport between the central nervous system (CNS) and systemic circulation. This review aims to delve into the intricate architecture and functions of the BBB while addressing challenges associated with delivering therapeutics to the brain. Historical milestones and contemporary insights underscore the BBB's significance in protecting the CNS. Innovative approaches for enhanced drug transport include intranasal delivery exploiting olfactory and trigeminal pathways, as well as techniques like temporary BBB opening through chemicals, receptors, or focused ultrasound. These avenues hold the potential to reshape conventional drug delivery paradigms and address the limitations posed by the BBB's selectivity. This review underscores the vital role of the BBB in maintaining CNS health and emphasizes the importance of effective drug delivery through this barrier. Nanoparticles emerge as promising candidates to overcome BBB limitations and potentially revolutionize the treatment of CNS disorders. As research progresses, the application of nanomaterials shows immense potential for advancing neurological therapeutics, albeit with careful consideration of safety aspects.

Introduction

Purpose Drug delivery with BBB opening

Study Objective To review the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier and evaluate challenges and strategies—including nanoparticle-based, intranasal, and physical approaches—for delivering therapeutics to the brain.

Cargo name and characteristics Nanoparticles (nanomaterials): nanoscale carrier particles intended to facilitate drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier for CNS therapeutics; varied compositions and designs as drug-delivery vehicles.

Route of administration Intranasal delivery (olfactory and trigeminal pathways); temporary BBB opening methods (chemical agents, receptor-mediated transport, focused ultrasound)

Outcomes and Safety

Summary of Outcomes The review concludes that intranasal delivery, chemical/receptor-mediated approaches, transient BBB opening (including focused ultrasound), and nanoparticle-based carriers can enhance CNS drug delivery and improve therapeutic potential; focused ultrasound is noted as effective for transient BBB disruption but no specific ultrasound parameters were reported.

Safety-related matter The review emphasizes careful consideration of safety aspects for nanomaterials—stating the need for biocompatibility, biodegradability, appropriate biodistribution, precise pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, and minimal adverse effects; no specific adverse effects or safety events are reported.

Brain Region

Visualization unavailable

Ultrasound Parameters

Focal Characteristics Focal depth: None, Focal length: None, Aperture size: None

We are open to feedback. If you see a mistake or have a suggestion, please contact us.