A variable flip angle golden-angle-ordered 3D stack-of-radial MRI technique for simultaneous proton resonant frequency shift and T₁ -based thermometry.

To develop and evaluate a variable-flip-angle golden-angle-ordered 3D stack-of-radial MRI technique for simultaneous proton resonance frequency shift (PRF) and T₁ -based thermometry in aqueous and adipose tissues, respectively. The proposed technique acquires multiecho radial k-space data in segments with alternating flip angles to measure 3D temperature maps dynamically on the basis of PRF and T₁ . A sliding-window k-space weighted image contrast filter is used to increase temporal resolution. PRF is measured in aqueous tissues and T₁ in adipose tissues using fat/water masks. The accuracy for T₁ quantification was evaluated in a reference T₁ /T₂ phantom. In vivo nonheating experiments were conducted in healthy subjects to evaluate the stability of PRF and T₁ in the brain, prostate, and breast. The proposed technique was used to monitor high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation in ex vivo porcine fat/muscle tissues and compared to temperature probe readings. The proposed technique achieved 3D coverage with 1.1-mm to 1.3-mm in-plane resolution and 2-s to 5-s temporal resolution. During 20 to 30 min of nonheating in vivo scans, the temporal coefficient of variation for T₁ was <5% in the brain, prostate, and breast fatty tissues, while the standard deviation of relative PRF temperature change was within 3°C in aqueous tissues. During ex vivo HIFU ablation, the temperatures measured by PRF and T₁ were consistent with temperature probe readings, with an absolute mean difference within 2°C. The proposed technique achieves simultaneous PRF and T₁ -based dynamic 3D MR temperature mapping in aqueous and adipose tissues. It may be used to improve MRI-guided thermal procedures.