Personalized Medicine in Parkinson's Disease: New Options for Advanced Treatments.

Parkinson's disease (PD) presents varying motor and non-motor features in each patient owing to their different backgrounds, such as age, gender, genetics, and environmental factors. Furthermore, in the advanced stages, troublesome symptoms vary between patients due to motor and non-motor complications. The treatment of PD has made great progress over recent decades and has directly contributed to an improvement in patients' quality of life, especially through the progression of advanced treatment. Deep brain stimulation, radiofrequency, MR-guided focused ultrasound, gamma knife, levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel, and apomorphine are now used in the clinical setting for this disease. With multiple treatment options currently available for all stages of PD, we here discuss the most recent options for advanced treatment, including cell therapy in advanced PD, from the perspective of personalized medicine.

Introduction

Purpose Thermal ablation

Study Objective To review recent advanced treatment options for Parkinson's disease, including cell therapy, from the perspective of personalized medicine.

Disease model Parkinson's disease

MRI or image guidance method MR-guided (MRI)

Cargo name and characteristics Levodopa–carbidopa intestinal gel: small-molecule drug combination (levodopa + carbidopa) administered as an intestinal gel; Apomorphine: small-molecule dopamine agonist; Cell therapy: cellular product (cell-based therapy/experimental transplanted cells such as stem cell–derived or fetal dopaminergic cells)

Outcomes and Safety

Summary of Outcomes Advanced treatments for Parkinson’s disease — including deep brain stimulation, radiofrequency, MR-guided focused ultrasound, gamma knife, levodopa–carbidopa intestinal gel, apomorphine, and emerging cell therapy — improve quality of life by addressing varied motor and non-motor complications and support personalized treatment selection. No specific focused ultrasound parameters were tested or reported as successful in this paper.

Safety-related matter The provided text does not mention any safety issues or adverse effects related to the treatments discussed. No adverse effects are reported in the excerpt.

Brain Region

Visualization unavailable

Ultrasound Parameters

Focal Characteristics Focal depth: None; Focal length: None; Aperture size: None

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