Pitt Shield

Fundamentals of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease in clinical practice: part 2.

Authors: Moscovich M, Aquino CH, Marinho MM, Barcelos LB, Felício AC, Halverson M, Hamani C, Ferraz HB, Munhoz RP

The field of neuromodulation has evolved significantly over the past decade. Developments include novel indications and innovations of hardware, software, and stimulation techniques leading to an expansion in scope and role of these techniques as powerful therapeutic interventions. In this review, which is the second part of an effort to document and integrate the basic fundamentals and recent successful developments in the field, we will focus on classic paradigms for electrode placement as well as new exploratory targets, mechanisms of neuromodulation using this technique and new developments, including focused ultrasound driven ablative procedures.

Introduction

Purpose Thermal ablation
Study Objective To review and integrate foundational principles and recent advances in neuromodulation, focusing on electrode placement paradigms, novel targets and mechanisms, and new techniques including focused ultrasound ablative procedures.

Outcomes and Safety

Summary of Outcomes This review concludes that electrode-based and emerging neuromodulation techniques, including noninvasive focused-ultrasound-driven ablative procedures, can therapeutically modulate neural activity and behavior across multiple brain targets, and it does not report testing or identifying specific focused ultrasound parameters as successful.
Safety-related matter The provided text does not mention any safety issues or adverse effects related to neuromodulation or focused ultrasound procedures.

Brain Region

Visualization unavailable

Ultrasound Parameters

Focal Characteristics Focal depth: None; Focal length: None; Aperture size: None

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