Transcranial ultrasound simulations: A review.
Authors: Angla C, Larrat B, Gennisson JL, Chatillon S
Transcranial ultrasound is more and more used for therapy and imaging of the brain. However, the skull is a highly attenuating and aberrating medium, with different structures and acoustic properties among samples and even within a sample. Thus, case-specific simulations are needed to perform transcranial focused ultrasound interventions safely. In this article, we provide a review of the different methods used to model the skull and to simulate ultrasound propagation through it.
Introduction
Purpose
Transcranial ultrasound stimulation
Study Objective
To review and critically evaluate current computational methods, modeling approaches, validation strategies, and clinical and research applications of transcranial ultrasound simulations, and to identify key challenges and future directions.
Animal model / Human subject
Not applicable — review article; no experimental organism reported.
Disease model
Not applicable
MRI or image guidance method
Not specified in the provided text CT and MRI based skull modeling
Targeted brain region(s)
Not Specified
Cargo name and characteristics
No molecular therapeutic agent reported; modality studied is transcranial ultrasound (acoustic waves) — a physical, non‑material neuromodulation/sonication modality examined via simulation.
Route of administration
Not specified
Outcomes and Safety
Summary of Outcomes
No biological or behavioral effects can be extracted from the provided text. The input contains only the paper title ('Transcranial ultrasound simulations: A review.') and no experimental results or outcome data are available.
Duration of biological effect
Not reported in the provided text.
Safety-related matter
No mention of safety, tissue damage, or adverse effects in the provided text.
Brain Region
Ultrasound Parameters
Ultrasound instrument
Not reported
FUS Frequency
Not specified
FUS Intensity
Not specified in provided text
FUS Pressure
Not stated in provided text
FUS Mode
not specified
Pulse duration
not reported in provided text
Duration of a single FUS session
Not reported in provided text
Focal Characteristics
No information about focal size, depth, or beam diameter present in the provided text.
Treatment frequency
not applicable
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