Updates for newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma: a review of recent clinical trials.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and devastating primary malignant brain tumor. We summarize recent advances in radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy approaches for the treatment of newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma. We also introduce ongoing clinical trials. Recent clinical trials have explored multiple novel strategies to treat GBM including the use of oncoviruses, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, vaccines, radiotherapy, and novel drug delivery techniques to improves drug penetrance across the blood brain barrier. Approaches to improve drug delivery to brain tumors have the potential to expand treatment options of existing therapies that otherwise have poor brain tumor penetrance. Immunotherapy has been of keen interest in both newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma. Vaccines SurVaxM and DCVax-L have shown initial promise in phase II and III trials, respectively. CAR T cell therapy trials are in their early phases but hold promise in both newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma. Although progress to improve outcomes for GBM patients has been modest, multiple novel strategies utilizing combination therapies, focused ultrasound to improve drug delivery, and novel immunotherapies are underway.