Noninvasive Neuromodulation in Parkinson's Disease: Insights from Animal Models.

The mainstay treatments for Parkinson's Disease (PD) have been limited to pharmacotherapy and deep brain stimulation. While these interventions are helpful, a new wave of research is investigating noninvasive neuromodulation methods as potential treatments. Some promising avenues have included transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and focused ultrasound (FUS). While these methods are being tested in PD patients, investigations in animal models of PD have sought to elucidate their therapeutic mechanisms. In this rapid review, we assess the available animal literature on these noninvasive techniques and discuss the possible mechanisms mediating their therapeutic effects based on these findings.

Introduction

Purpose Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (a)

Study Objective To rapidly review animal-model studies of noninvasive neuromodulation (TMS, tDCS, ECT, FUS) for Parkinson’s disease and discuss the potential therapeutic mechanisms underlying their effects.

Disease model Parkinson's Disease

Outcomes and Safety

Summary of Outcomes In animal models of Parkinson’s disease, noninvasive neuromodulation methods (TMS, tDCS, ECT, and focused ultrasound) produced therapeutic biological and behavioral effects and helped elucidate possible mechanisms underlying symptom improvement; the provided text does not report specific focused ultrasound parameters or which parameter sets were successful.

Safety-related matter The provided excerpt contains no mention of safety concerns or adverse effects related to the noninvasive neuromodulation methods. No adverse events are reported in this text.

Brain Region

Visualization unavailable

Ultrasound Parameters

Focal Characteristics focal depth: None; focal length: None; aperture size: None

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